Studies have shown that one out of five men suffers from some or other form of erectile dysfunction.
If you’ve had this problem only occasionally, try not to worry so much. In all likelihoods, it would be due to temporary factors like stress, tiredness, being on alcohol, or even being distracted.
Before we dive deep into the intricacies of erectile dysfunction and its causes, let us understand the basic anatomy of the human penis.
The article is a part of our series on “What is Erectile Dysfunction: A Complete Guide”
Anatomy of penis
The penis is made up of two chambers called the corpus cavernosum and urethra, which run through the entire length of the organ. Each of the two corpus cavernosum houses an artery that spreads to smaller blood vessels in the cavernous space.
The urethra is located below the corpora cavernosa, which is a common outlet for sperm and urine. This part is surrounded by erectile tissue with several veins, nerves, and two main arteries.
The longest part of the penis is the shaft, and the head (glans) is located at the end of the shaft.
There is an opening at the tip of the head called meatus, where the semen and urine are discharged.
How does an erection occur?
The erection starts with mental and sensory stimulation. During sexual arousal, nerve impulses will be sent from the brain to the penis, causing both arteries and cavernous smooth muscle in the penis to dilate allowing blood to flow into the penis.
The blood then rushes through the cavernous arteries causing the penis to be engorged and enlarged.
- The compressed membrane surrounding the corpus cavernosum (tunica albuginea) helps trap the blood from leaving, thus retaining an erection.
- During the reversal of erection, the relaxed muscles in the penis contract again, reducing in flow of blood. With the reduction in erection, the outflow channels open and the penis returns to its original flaccid state. s.
The degree of ED can be measured based on several factors like the ones listed below:
- Out of five, how do you rate your ability to gain and retain an erection?
- How often do you find it difficult to penetrate your partner even after achieving an erection?
- Are you satisfied with your sex life?
- How hard is it for you to retain an erection to complete the act of sexual intercourse?
Causes of erectile dysfunction
There are many causes of erectile dysfunction. These include both emotional as well as physical reasons. Let us take a closer look at some of the important causes of erectile dysfunction.
Physical causes
Research has shown that more than 3 out of 5 cases of ED are due to physical reasons.
1. Nerve damage
If the neural pathways leading to the penis cannot successfully conduct the nerve impulses, achieving a successful erection will be difficult. Injury to nerves running to the penis is another known reason for ED. Say, for example, injury to nearby structures due to spinal injury, radiotherapy, etc.
Nerve damage could be due to accidents or diseases like stroke, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, damage to the prostate organ, etc.
2. Reduced blood flow to the penis
This is one of the most common problems found in men who are over the age of 40. When compared to other parts of the body, the arteries leading to the penis can get narrowed.
This can reduce the amount of blood flowing to the penis, which may not be adequate to cause an erection.
Other risk factors that can increase the chances of narrowing the arteries are:
- High cholesterol
- High blood pressure
- Diabetes
- Cardiovascular disease
- Smoking etc.
3. Hormonal issues
Certain hormonal issues can also cause ED. For example, the lack of a hormone called testosterone (produced in the testes) is one of the common causes of ED.
Certain accidents such as head injuries are also considered as indirect causes. A head injury can affect the production of the hormones like testosterone from the pituitary gland in the brain.
4. Medicinal side effects
Consuming certain medications such as beta-blockers, antidepressants, etc., is also known to cause erectile dysfunction in some patients.
5. Side effects of alcohol or recreational drugs
Studies have shown that ED has a direct linkage with the use of recreational drugs or alcohol. It is important to maintain a healthy lifestyle.
6. Cycling
ED is also common in people who are regularly cycling. It is possibly caused by pressure exerted on the nerves that are leading to the penis. Sitting on the saddle for extended periods may temporarily affect the normal function.
Psychological causes
Several mental health issues are also known to be a very common reason behind occurrence of ED. Some of them are:
- Anxiety
- Work stress
- Depression
- Relationship troubles
- Stress at home
- Worrying about sexual performance
Concluding words:
Generally, if ED develops all of a sudden, it is most likely linked to mental health problems. As the issues are resolved, you can find a gradual improvement in ED as well.
However, it is advisable to discuss with your doctor to understand and rule out any physical causes that may be leading to erectile dysfunction. In such scenarios, your physician will be able to prescribe suitable ED medications and other treatment options as a part of your treatment regime.
